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Fitting a solar panel on your roof to heat the water is great but dont forget that it will require maintenance. Solar power, and that includes solar panels do need to be maintained. At least once a year you should be checking it over for leaks and the level of antifreeze in the circuit to make sure it can take the winter. Its all very well having an air vent on your solar panel but who wants to go up on the roof every time you need to re-fill or top up to bleed the air off.

Whatever the reason, a bit of thought at the design stage can make life easy. By incorporating three isolator valves in the correct places, and with a bucket and a small submersible pump you can make the job of checking, filling and bleeding your system quick easy and trouble free,

The design revolves around using three isolating valves (you could use ball valves if you prefer). Using a tee on the return pipe, quite close to the exit from the hot water cylinder, place an isolator valve on the open end of the tee and a second isolator valve in the pipe going from the tee to back to the solar panel. My third isolator is in my filling loop that feeds into the expansion vessel. The isolator valve on the open end of the tee also serves as a tap for a drain point should I need to drain the system.

To fill the system you use a bucket, a small submersible pump and two lengths of garden hose pipe. If required, mix up your antifreeze/water solution in the bucket. You will need an extra 2 or 3 litres of solution to make sure the base of the pump is covered when the system is full. Using two lengths of garden hose pipe, connect the pump output to the filling tube and the other length of hose to the drain point. This hose is then a drain back into the bucket.

By opening the valves on the drain and the filling loop and closing the valve in the return line, the water can be forced around the circuit and discharged back into the tank through the drain. Make sure the drain is below the level of the water so you can see when the air bubbles stop, indicating that there circuit is full of water and any air has been discharged.

Once you are happy that all the air has been removed, close the two open valves and open the return line valve. Allow the pump to pressurise the system. Submersible pumps dont produce much pressure but are adequate for a solar panel circuit. Mine will charge the circuit to approximately 0.5bar.

And thats all there is too it. We go into more detail on our website http://realityGreen.co.uk/solar.aspx where illustrations and photos are also included.

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There’s a lot of talk these days about nuclear energy. The subject has been discussed ad nauseam. So what’s the truth? Is nuclear energy the magic formula that will save the world, or is it the evil power that will destroy it?

Nuclear power certainly has at least one very appealing feature: it isn’t fossil fuel. It doesn’t have to be pumped out of the ground. On the other hand, the source of nuclear energy is uranium, and uranium is not a renewable energy source. The largest known deposits are in Australia. It’s easily mined and easily shipped to nuclear reactor sites around the world.

The two processes in producing nuclear energy are fission and fusion. Fission creates more than 10 million times the energy that is created in the burning of fossil fuels. That’s the good part. Fusion, on the other hand (which is the process of joining nuclei), has not yet been safely controlled. Fusion happens naturally in stars and the sun and in nuclear reactors built by man.

And then there’s the problem of what to do with all of that radioactive waste that is created when nuclear power is generated. Nobody wants the stuff. The old “not in my backyard” sentiment prevails. And nobody should want it. It’s dangerous and deadly. Radiation accidents are one of the main concerns of producing energy in nuclear reactors.

The words “Chernobyl disaster” come to mind. The nuclear reactor plant near Pripyat in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic exploded on April 26, 1986 -23 YEARS ago – and the place is still a wasteland. We’re told that “only” 30 people died in the initial explosion, but the number of deaths from cancer caused by the release of the radiation is more likely in the thousands.

So you can draw your own conclusions. There are both advantages and disadvantages to nuclear energy.

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I want to reveal to you how I constructed my own wind system from start to finish. Here is a list of materials that I used to get started. I purchased a DC permanent magnet motor from eBay. The motor is a 48 volt dc motor that as an rpm rating of 2000 rpm, which means at 12 volts dc it, has an output of 5.8 amps at 500 rpm which is ideal to charge a 12 volt battery system.

I decided to make my wind turbine out of PVC pipe which is readily available at your local home supply store. The diameter of my motor is 3 so I used 3 PVC pipe so that I could slip the motor inside the PVC pipe. First I quartered the 3 PVC just enough to allow the motor to slip in the PVC easily. Now that I know how to easily slip the motor in the pipe I used 2 large hose clamps to secure the motor in the PVC.

Next I needed a way to allow the wind turbine to pivot freely in the wind, so I got a 3 PVC tee fitting. However, I decided to use a 2 rigid mast for my tower which allowed me to reduce the tee fitting down to 1-1/2 PVC pipe which slips nicely into the 2 rigid conduit allowing a smooth turning point.

Now I am ready to fabricate my turbine blades that will turn the motor in the wind. I used a piece of 6 PVC schedule 40 white plumbing pipe, and I cut it into 3 equal pieces 36 long. These must be cut exact so that very little balancing will have to be done. To be honest with you it took me two tries at this to get it right.

Next I decided to use a piece of 2 PVC for a tail section. I made the wind tail section out of a piece of Plexiglas I had, approximately 12 high and 24 long. I split the 2 PVC 24 long vertically to allow the piece of Plexiglas to fit between the PVC and drilled through the PVC and the vertical tail section so I could bolt it securely in place. You must balance the tail section with the motor installed in the 3 PVC so that it balances at the pivot point of the 2 rigid conduit allowing smooth turning. I had to cut off my 2 PVC until it balanced perfectly.

One problem that as always been a part of a horizontal wind turbines is called wire twist, were the constant wind change of direction will cause the wire to twist and eventually brake. To solve this problem I devised a simple stop system by drilling a hole through the 1-1/2 PVC just above the rigid conduit, with a hole. I placed a 2 long bolt through the hole securing it with a nut and lock washer. Next, I placed a 3 piece of rod or bolt secured vertically to the end of the 2 rigid conduit, spacing it away from the 1-1/2 PVC so it doesnt rub. I secured the vertical bolt with 2 hose clamps around the 2 rigid conduit.

Now you are ready to attach your wind turbine to the tower and wire everything so you can start producing your own electrical energy. I realize this is just a glimpse of how I built my own wind turbine, but it gives you a starting point to build your own. I have a guide that I used available at my website.

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Homemade Wind Power Generator: 5 Superb Reasons Why a homemade wind power generator is Ideal for You

A homemade wind power generator is becoming further and further popular today. A lot of people are starting to see the advantages of such a system. This renewable supply of energy is showing millions of people that the sphere is altering and in order for them to survive; they have to also alter with the times. Fossil fuel is no longer possible and cheap. Below are the 5 obvious reasons behind erecting this kind of power system and with any luck, these will persuade people who aren’t yet into the concept of renewable energy sources.

Homemade Wind Power Generator: The Cost

Not like a few decades ago when renewable energy first came out, the technology was regarded way too progressive and costly. Now, it’s become effortlessly accessible and cheap. It’s considerably possible to build your own system just by spending $200. This could be completed by employing resources that has the ability to be effortlessly discovered in regional hardware stores.

Homemade Wind Power Generator: Can I Make Money?

A homemade wind power generator has become quite a need for a great number of people due to the escalating cost of electricity. Most of the electricity we are receiving comes from fossil fuel, such as oil and coal. Sadly, the costs of those materials are escalating. This is due to the fact that they are becoming more rare everyday. The entire planet is consuming billions of tons of fossil fuel everyday. Finally, resources will run out. With this kind of system, you bring your electricity bills to zero, and maybe, even make money out of the an excessive amount of energy you are able to make.

Homemade Wind Power Generator: Customer Support

1 does not have to be a rocket scientist in order to generate a homemade wind power generator. The guides being sold on the Internet make the instructions straightforward to follow. In case you do encounter a difficulty when constructing this system, you can always ask aid from their toll-free client service. The companies selling these guides have a client service representatives who are more than enthusiastic to offer a hand.

Homemade Wind Power Generator: Extra Cash For The Family

Another excellent reason to build this power system is that you can unlock a great deal of money. The cash you use to pay your electrical bills for a totally year can now be diverted to different crucial things that you or your family requires. On top of that, you can also produce money by selling the an excessive amount of electricity you have to the ability companies.

Homemade Wind Power Generator: Conclusion

Everybody in the world is now more concerned with the Earth as opposed a few decades ago. It’s become the duties of every individual. to do his part in assisting the natural world and what greater way to help than by owning a homemade wind power generator.

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Solar energy is getting a lot of attention these days. Its time to answer the question: how do they actually work? It is not obvious how a panel can convert the sun’s rays into electricity without moving parts. This article will help explain the process in terms that hopefully anyone can understand.

The most basic definition of how solar panels work is that the sun strikes a certain material, it excites electrons and creates a current and voltage that can be used to power devices. Now let’s delve a little deeper.

Silicon: Not Just for Computer Chips

First, silicon is taken from the earth. Silicon is one of the earth’s most abundant elements. It’s found in sand and rocks of all types. You’ve probably heard of ‘Silicon Valley’, the hotbed of technology research and investment in California. It is so called because silicon is used in computer chips.

Silicon is a semi-conductor. Think of copper, a conductor, as in copper wires. Now think of rubber, an insulator, such as the coating on a copper wire. Silicon falls somewhere in between and is therefore called a semi-conductor. This property is exploited in computer chips and solar panels to handle tiny reactions that generate electrical currents. An electrical current is basically a “flow”. Picture a wire as a tiny pipe and the current as the rate at which the “water” (in this case electricity) flows through the pipe.

Just Add Boron and Phosphorous

But silicon by itself is not enough to create power from the sun. The silicon is grown into a very thin crystal-like wafer using pressure and heat. It is then coated with two different materials: boron and phosphorous. Boron is coated on one side, phosphorous on the other, with a gap in between the two layers. Boron, when combined with silicon, is a positive material, but it wants to be neutral. The only way it can get neutral is to gain an electron, which has a negative charge.

Now enter phosphorous. Phosphorous and silicon is a negatively charged material, meaning it has extra electrons. But it wants to be neutral too! And how can it do that? By getting rid of electrons of course! And how will it get rid of them? That’s where the good old sun comes in.

Here Comes The Sun

When sunlight strikes the cell, it gets those electrons all excited. Just think of the electron as a kid in his mom’s arms as they approach the park. He just can’t wait to get away from mom and onto the swing set. The electrons leave the phosphorous and go toward the positive boron, creating an electrical pressure as they enter the gap. This pressure must be released, and is through the wiring in the cell. This creates the flow, or current, we talked about earlier.

The cells are coated with materials to ensure the sunlight is absorbed and not reflected. The silicon wafers are wired together and encased in tempered glass and aluminum to prevent weather damage. These are called panels, and are then wired together to form an array. And that is the basic building block reaction of a solar panel!

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Solar energy is the most economic and environment friendly way to heat, get electricity and water with just a little endeavor. It is the preferred way to get sufficient energy for the fulfillment of your daily needs. Solar energy has made the use of solar panels progressively more popular. Solar power system can actually gather the energy from the sun and convert it into renewable energy for your everyday use. This article will highlight a few points you need to consider when installing solar panels.

1. Take Permission from the Local Zone Authorities

Prior to the installation of solar panels, make sure you have permission from the local authorities, as these are banned for domestic use in many cities due to aesthetic reasons. Contact the local zone authorities of your area to own a license prior to the installation.

2. Decide the Right Place

They are usually installed on rooftops in order to receive the direct and maximum amount of sunlight. It is vital to install the solar panels at a place where it is directly exposed to the sun in order to perform at optimum capacity. The position angles can easily be calculated relying upon the latitude on which they are being installed. Make sure that the structural integrity of the roof can support the hefty panels for your home.

3. Mounting of the Solar Panels on the Roof beam

The next step to installing the solar photovoltaic panels is mounting. Three main varieties of solar panel mounts available are pole mounts, roof-ground mount system, and flush mounts. Using these mounts you can either install these on the roof or affix them as a free standing unit. Generally roof-ground mount system is used to attach the panel to the roof and also provide support to the panel from the bottom. The roof-ground mounts also permits to adjust the system to produce the required power output. Make sure that mounting is placed at a distance of about 48 inches and located directly on top of the roof beam. Each must be mounted to the solar alignment and interrelated properly. Each mounted part must be checked carefully to make sure that they are safe and sound and leak-proof.

4. Anchor the Solar Panels to the Racking System

With the help of a pilot bit, drill a hole in the mounts to keep the rafters together and for preventing splitting. Tie up the base of the mount by using stainless steel lag bolts. The post of the mount should be fixed into the base. Keep in mind to place the roof metal flashing over each of the mounts to prevent the roof from leaking. Connect the solar racks made up of aluminum to the metal rails to complete the racking system. Now attach the panels to the racking system with the help of an adequate hardware. Be sure that both the panels and the racking system are appropriately beached in accordance with the local electrical codes.

5. Setting Up of the Junctions in the Electric Circuit

Finally, interconnect the panels by setting up all the junctions present on the back of each panel and fix the electric wires into their appropriate terminals. After interconnecting the electric wires, close all open junction boxes.

Your solar panel is installed now and ready for use. You can now switch on the lights and use your own energy source. Indeed, the solar technology will offer you several years of satisfactory and competent service.

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Health and prayer … does it lead to success? They do not necessarily go hand in hand, but it has been demonstrated that there is a correlation.

The Power of Positive Thinking, by Norman Vicent Peale, was written nearly fifty years ago and has sold over five million copies. It is still in print today. What I find remarkable about Peale’s book is that it championed the healing powers of prayer decades before science confirmed Peale’s observations. Modern-day cynics might disregard prayer and speak scornfully of religion. But first-rate science has now demonstrated the amazing power of spirituality in general and prayer in specific. I don’t mean to suggest that spirituality, religion, and prayer be adopted simply as another technique for improving mood and enhancing positive thought. The religious or spiritual impulse must first come out of deeply held beliefs, which are beyond the scope of this article. But if you have this impulse, then practicing your religious or spiritual belief will be extremely beneficial to your health and life.

CONVENTIONAL WISDOM: Religion is for the weak and old.
THE REALITY OF SUCCESS: Get on your knees to succeed!

The Bio-makeup of Prayer

Scientific, not anecdotal, studies now show that prayer works wonders on health. Of the three hundred studies on spirituality in scientific journals, the National Institute of Health Research found that 75 percent showed that religion and prayer have a positive effect on health. I’m also recommending that you use spirituality to build positive thought and a great mental attitude. Consider the following studies.

One of the first Studies to address the issue of prayer and health was a controversial study by Dr. Randolph Byrd. Dr. Byrd explored the benefits of intercessory prayer or prayer for others. He reported on the “Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit.” This ten-month double-blind study took place in a large county hospital in San Francisco. Half the subjects were prayed for and half were not; not only did the subjects not know whether they were being prayed for or not, but the people praying also did not know the patients for whom they were praying. The study found that the patients who were prayed for had fewer cases of congestive heart failure, less pneumonia, less need for antibiotics, and fewer cardiac arrests than those who weren’t. Although some scientists questioned Byrd’s method and claimed that one can’t control intercessory prayer for the group not prayed for (after all, their families might be praying for them), Byrd’s study became a landmark in that it opened an important question. And several subsequent studies showed concrete health benefits of prayer.

In a study of thirty female patients recovering from hip fractures, those who regarded God as a source of strength and comfort and who attended religious services were able to walk farther upon discharge and had lower rates of depression than those who had little faith.

One study by Harold G. Koenig, M.D., Director of Duke University’s Center for the Study of Religion/Spirituality and Health, measured interleukin-6 blood levels in a church group. High levels of interleukin-6 usually indicate a lowering of immune function, and the church group members had lower interleukin-6 levels, indicating enhanced immune function.
In another study, Dr. Koenig discovered that religion-active older people tend to have lower blood pressure than those who are less active. “The likelihood of having a diastolic blood pressure of 90 or higher, the level most often associated with increased risk for strokes or heart attacks, was 40 percent lower among those who attended a religious service at least once a week and prayed or studied the Bible at least once a day, than among those who did so less often. In yet another study with the elderly, Harold Koenig, M.D., and David Larson, M.D., found that people sixty and older who attended religious services at least once a week were 56 percent less likely to have been hospitalized in the previous year than those attending services less frequently.

A Dartmouth Medical School study found that of 232 patients who underwent elective heart surgery, the very religious were three times more likely to recover than those who were not. The most consistent indicator of survival was the amount of strength or comfort the patients said they received from their religious faith. In fact, the more religious they described themselves, the greater the protective effect. Of 37 patients who described themselves as “deeply religious,” none died. The researchers also found that the more socially active patients had higher survival rates. More time spent in religious activity correlated with more overall happiness and satisfaction.

So the more religious you are, the better for your emotional health. That seems contrary to the conventional wisdom. How many times have you heard friends complain about a strict religious upbringing and about how much it “screwed them up.” And how many times have you heard experts argue that authoritarian religious upbringing or doctrine may damage mental health. New research indicates that the only damage done is when people abandon their religion. Listen to these results from a large, long-term University of Pennsylvania study.

Professor Martin Seligman considered nine major religions in the U.S.:

Fundamentalist: These groups interpret their religious texts quite literally and impose a lot of day-to-day regulation upon their followers. Professor Seligman looked at three religions that show heavy religious involvement and influence.

Calvinists
Muslims
Orthodox Jews

Moderates: Groups who no longer blindly accept the faith.

Catholics
Conservative Jews
Lutherans
Methodists

Liberals: Groups who encourage individuality, tolerance, and skepticism. The individuals are free to decide the extent to which they believe any religious dogma.

Reformed Jews
Unitarians

“We found that the more authoritarian religions produce more hope and optimism. The questionnaire and analysis of sermons and liturgy showed that fundamentalist individuals were significantly more optimistic and hopeful than moderates, who in turn were more optimistic and hopeful than liberal individuals. The more frequently people participated in fundamentalist religious activities, the less likely they were to report emotional distress,” Professor Seligman says. “A causal model that takes into account religious influence in daily life and the effects of religious involvement, religious hope, and religious liturgy on explanatory style seems to account exhaustively for the effect of fundamentalism on optimism.” Of course, the more religious people might have been more optimistic to start out, but religion only strengthened their optimism. In previous articles I’ve explained that a positive explanatory style is incredibly potent, performing as well as drugs in the treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Are we then saying that to be “successful” that you must pray? No, but the power of prayer and spiritual belief should not be disregarded as meaningless when talking about health and/or success in life.

Dr Leo Kady

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